Lectins: (carbohydrate-binding protiens or glycoproteins of non-immune origin which have the ability to induce cell agglutination).

1. They activate the immunological cells such as (macrophages – natural killer cells – dendritic cells) that attack any foreign micro-organism.

2. Mannose-binding lectin is to bind to carbohydrate on the cell wall of foreign micro-organism followed by an interaction with phagocytic cell carrying MBL receptors on their cell surface.

3. Binding of MBL to MBL receptors triggers a number of cellular defense including phagocytosis, cytokines modulation and immunoglobulin secretion.

4. Rapid onset of relief after 30 minutes.

5. Indicated in vaccination with Marek`s due to immune suppression.

6. used before and after vaccination.

Beta-glucan:

1. Increases phagocytosis and cytokine release.

2. Activates B and T cells and increases their life span.

3. Reduces mortality especially in old age birds.

Zinc claw:

1. Increases the activity of some enzymes as (DNA/RNA polymerases – Thymidine kinase).

2. Increase the efficacy of cellular immunity.

3. Maintain the maternal immunity through the secretion of (hepatic acute phase protein).

Propylene glycol:

-Main source for energy due to disturbance in immunity.

 Methyl and phenyl paraben:

-As a preservatives.